However, it seems that the market of plant-derived products both in Europe and Asia has been heterogenous due to botanical and ethnopharmacological misleadings found in herbal products. That all needs to be stated to guarantee identity of plant materials or plant-derived preparations as well as facilitate comparison of herbal preparations. The complex composition of plant extracts and herbal medicine products is determined by a wide range of factors such as production process, the extraction solvent, physical state of the plant material, and last but not least the drug extract ratio (DER). Last but not least, the identity and quantity of plant materials or their preparations, which are the components of plant-derived medicinal products, are necessary for ensuring the safety and efficacy of these herbal products. It stays in agreement of Hippocrates’s statement “Let thy food be thy medicine and medicine be thy food”.
Nevertheless, the concept of relationship between food and medicine, which is proposed by TCM, guarantees body homeostasis and provide health benefits both for preventing and treating diseases. The evidence on TCM is controversial and commonly criticized due to the methodological properties of scientific reports or their biased dissemination caused by language limits. It is more and more often supported by conventional medicine because its effectiveness is still debated. In addition to unconventional practices, TCM include herbal therapies and dietary supplementation. The traditional medicine of China is a health care system characterized by a unique philosophical concept of therapies and diagnostic practices. In particular, traditional Chinese medicine (TCM), which originated 2500 years ago, is widely used in Asia but is more and more often prevalent all over the world, in particular in Europe. Herbal products have been used traditionally for health purposes all over the world. officinalis fruit extracts, respectively. Loganin and loganic acid are significant markers for standardization of C. In conclusion, the immunomodulatory effect observed in vitro may partially confirm the traditional use of Cornus fruits through alleviation of the development of diabetes-derived inflammatory complications. mas fruit, which was characterized by a significant quantity of loganic acid.
officinalis fruit was higher than in the aqueous-ethanolic extract of C. The content of loganin in aqueous and aqueous-methanolic extract of C. The effect was comparable with dexamethasone. The modulatory activity of the Cornus extracts was noted in the case of secretion of IL-8 in Caco-2 cells. mas fruit showed the propensity to increase TNF- α and IL-1 β secretion. On the other hand, the aqueous-ethanolic extract of C.
officinalis fruit significantly inhibited TNF- α release by neutrophils at concentrations of 50 and 100 µg/mL. officinalis fruit, decreased IL-8 secretion by neutrophils to 54.64 ± 7.67%, 49.68 ± 6.55%, 50.29 ± 5.87% at concentrations of 5, 50, and 100 µg/mL, respectively, compared to LPS-stimulated control (100%). All standardized extracts significantly inhibited ROS production, whereas the aqueous-alcoholic extracts were particularly active inhibitors of IL-8 secretion by neutrophils. To evaluate the phytochemical differences between the studied extracts as well as to provide a method for standardization procedures, a quantitative analysis of iridoids, such as loganin, sweroside, and loganic acid, found in extracts of Cornus fruits was performed with HPLC-DAD. officinalis by an assessment of their effect on reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation in human neutrophils as well as cytokines secretion both in neutrophils (tumor necrosis factor α, TNF- α interleukin 8, IL-8 interleukin 1 β, IL-1 β) and in human colon adenocarcinoma cell line Caco-2 (IL-8). The objective of this study was a comparison of biological activity of extracts from fruits of C. Additionally, due to the fact of mutual infiltration of Asian and European medicines, the differentiation as well as standardization of traditional prescriptions seem to be crucial for ensuring the quality of traditional products. Fruits of Cornus mas and Cornus officinalis are representative plant materials traditionally used in Europe and Asia, respectively, in the treatment of diabetes and diabetes-related complications, which are often mediated by pathogenic inflammatory agents.
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